Which of the following best describes a vulnerability scan?

A vulnerability scan is best described as a method to detect weaknesses in systems. This process involves assessing various systems, applications, and network configurations to identify vulnerabilities that could be exploited by attackers. The scan utilizes automated tools to probe and analyze the systems for known vulnerabilities, which are typically detailed in databases such as the National Vulnerability Database (NVD). The primary focus is on identifying security flaws, misconfigurations, and other issues that could pose a risk to the integrity, confidentiality, or availability of information.

While other options mention important practices related to information technology—like testing user login capabilities or gathering performance metrics—they do not align with the specific purpose of a vulnerability scan. Additionally, managing network devices is typically associated with network management processes rather than vulnerability assessment.